Comparison Between the Taming of the Shrew and 10 Things I Hate About You Essay

In the movie â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You†, there are a lot of similarities to â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† by William Shakespeare. For example, most of the similarities have to do with power relationships, courtship and dating, and sisters. The main characters in both the writing and movie have the same personalities. Bianca is played as the perfect innocent teenager and Kate is portrayed as a spiteful, bad tempered person. Also, their father is still very strict. As one would think, the themes between these two pieces are very alike as well. The theme of many people wanting to all date the same person relates to both of these pieces. For example, in the movie the two boys are fighting over who gets Bianca, just like in Shakespeare’s writing. Both of the plots have the same general idea too. They are both about a younger sister forbidden to date/marry before the cruel older sister does so. Both stories have similarities and differences in plot, theme and characters. Bianca and Kate are sisters who face sibling rivalry between each other. It is more apparent in the movie of â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You† that Kate is resentful towards Bianca for being favored by their father. It is obvious to her that Bianca is appreciated more than her. One of the most noticeable power relationships is between Batista and his daughters Kate and Bianca. This is because he makes it very clear that Bianca isn’t allowed to marry until Kate is married, but in the movie they are only allowed to date. Also, Bianca knows that her father compares her to Kate when he says that she is not allowed to date until Kate does first. A different type of relationship shown in these stories is deception. The female ideas on courtship/dating in this movie is very different from in Shakespeare’s writing. For example, in the modern movie it is more common to date and isn’t so serious as in the writing of â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† because they ordinarily get married young. Shakespeare made the writing of â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† universal so that any audience can understand it and enabled it to be made into a modern film. Although there are many similarities there had to be different changes made so that the movie would appeal to people nowadays. Something that was stressed more in the modern movie was the dishonesty and deception with who Kate was dating/marrying. In the movie, her date was paid to take her out and she eventually found out the truth and was very upset but in the story written by Shakespeare, she did not figure it out and lived happily ever after. It is more common for modern viewers to relate to the betrayal and it was expected more because of the circumstances. Overall, â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† and â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You† are very similar and bring back an old tale with a modern twist that everyone can relate to.

Racism, Asian American, and Everything in Between Essay

Have you ever watched the news about racism on television? News on racism on a certain race of people has been a news breaker a couple of times this last few years. This issue is now global and is concerning quite a lot of people. Imagine if you are suffering the same faith as this people. We don’t need people with IQ level of 160 to conclude that it is not the situation most people want to be at. If you then think that racism is only limited to the harassment of African American, then you are definitely wrong. Racism is universal; it could be done to any group or type of people. Yes, this matter is definitely not off-limit to the Asian American group. You might be asking, as you have read the paragraph above, what is racism? Racism is when someone believes that one or more person is less than human (Anti-Defamation League). Cases of racism are big trouble in America nowadays. The averages of 20000 racial discrimination cases were filed every year (Racial Discrimination). And in 2009, number of Asian American bullying incident in Fels High school reached the number of 138. These large numbers have increase 60 percent from the amount of assault that happen last year (Miller). On October 6 2009, massive incident involving Asians students broke out at South Philadelphia High. Around 30 kids simultaneously attack five Asians students at the Synder Avenue subway station. This attack sends a couple of victims to the hospital. Asians students continued living in fear after that incident (Miller). These types of assault didn’t only happen in the 20th century. One of the most famous cases was probably the case of Vincent Chin in 1982. Two white American, Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz beat Vincent to death. He was mistaken to be a Japanese, although he was actually a Chinese American. The two men who murdered Vincent were put on trial but came out of court with no time in jail at all. They were only told to pay $3.700 fine and two years probation. Even though what they did was equivalent to second-degree murder, the judge reduced the charges of manslaughter, leaving them free out of jail (Asian Nation). The many cases involving racism to the Asian American have brought a birth  of a couple organizations. One of them is the Asian American Justice Center, found in 1991. Their goal is to move forward the human and civil right of Asian American. They are also struggling to create an equalize society for everyone. Their programs include, Anti-Asian Violence & Race Relations, emergency preparedness, health issues, and many more (Asian Justice). Other organizations include Yellow Face, Asian Law Caucus, Asian Nation and others (National Resources). Every problem in this world must have they own resolution. Problems need to be brought to closure and not be left hanging without a solution. We had seen a couple of organization working towards this problem. One of the actions is the campaign that had been done by the Asian American Justice Center. They conduct classes to taught adult English, watch out for lawsuit that is showing injustice to all Asian American (Asian Justice). School in Philadelphia have switch staffs and strictly prohibited racism in the school. Assaults involving Asian students have now been acknowledged and it was a forbidden act that will not be repeated. Parents, teachers and students that had been harassed all gathered and talk about these problems together (Miller). This is a very clever solution, where everyone then could work together to bring an end to these racial issues. Cases involving the racial assault toward Asian American are a definitely tremendous problems. These problems have now gone too far, and a proper settlement is needed to stop this complication. Unresolved matter like this will only drag people deeper to the hole. Numbers of cases involving racism will just keep on piling up. People who are hurt and is living in fear will be forced to do that longer. If we don’t stop this mess then it will keep on entangling people in it. We can help and fix this problem. We can fight it back, and we can then one day shout freedom right at the ears of those Asian American. Works Cited Anti Defamation League. Anti Defamation League, 2011. Web. 22 Sept 2011. Advancing Equality. Asian American Justice Center, 2011. Web. 22 Sept 2011. Civil Rights Law Firms. Civil Rights Law Firms, 2011. Web. 22 Sept 2011. Embracing The Oneness of Humankind. The National Resource Center for the Healing of Racism. Web. 22 Sept 2011. Le, C.N. Anti Asian Racism and Violence. Asian Nation, 2011. Web. 22 Sept 2011. Miller, G.W. Philadelphia Weekly. Philadelphia Weekly, 1 Sept 2009. Web. 15 Sept 2011.

Spiromery As A Tool Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) is a equivalent word that includes a mixture of diseased procedures, stand foring as a group of different diseases. ( emedicine. 2010 ) Clearly it can non be defined based on its symptoms as they are nonspecific. COPD can non be defined on pathologic alterations either, because this is non clinically executable. As a consequence to this deficiency of standardisation, COPD is normally diagnosed in advanced phases, largely in patients over 40 old ages, during which the disease have settled in topographic point. This is attributed to the limitation of activity associated with the status, which may even take to disablement and restriction of normal function at work and/or place. Consequently, the diagnosing of COPD can merely be confirmed through a standard method that is spirometry. Although spirometry stands as the corner rock for diagnosing of COPD and rating its badness, its usage is still underestimated in general pattern and merely a little sector of specializers rely on it. This is related to the contentions in sentiments refering the proper usage and cogency of spirometry as a showing took for thorax diseases, which has been raised and dropped in several literatures along the past decennaries ( Ferguson, 2000 ; McIvor, 2001 ) This research aims to derive a better apprehension of the result of using spirometry in testing for COPD and measure the betterment related to early diagnosing with spirometry in patients with COPD. In the 2nd subdivision writer will be explicating the current epidemiology, pathophysiology and direction modes available and their forecast based on multiple factors that can better their quality of life and societal engagement. And in conclusion qualitative and quantitative attacks of measuring will be discussed in the 3rd subdivision. This status presents with inordinate mucous secretion secernment with airway obstructor and noticeable hyperplasia of mucus-producing glands.iThe ensuing endothelial harm interferes with the mucociliary response that usually clears bacteriums and mucous secretion in the lungs. Inflammation of the walls and secernments in the lms provide the clogging constituent of chronic bronchitis.Emphysema can show at the same time to a variable grade but normally is limited to the centre of one lobe ( centrilobular ) . Consequently, airing perfusion mismatch occur as a consequence of reduced airing and increased cardiac end product. This in bend causes hypoxemia and polycythemia ( Deborah, 2009 ) . It is markedly characterized by devastation of the walls of air passages distal to the terminal bronchiole. The pathological procedure in emphysema comprises gradual devastation of alveolar septae and the pneumonic capillary bed, ensuing in lessened capacity to oxygenize blood. This pushes the organic structure to take down the cardiac end product and consequence in hyperventilation. Consequently a limited sum of blood flows through a comparatively good oxygenated lung with normal force per unit area and blood gases doing a airing perfusion mismatch, in contrast to what happens in chronic bronchitis. The remainder of the organic structure nevertheless suffers from hypoxia due to reduced cardiac end product ( Paul K, 2010 ) . This, in add-on to pneumonic cachexy, consequences in musculus cachexia and weight loss and marks the patients as â€Å" pink blowfishs. † COPD is considered top serious lung disease in the United States. Over the last few decennaries, increasing Numberss of Americans are enduring from COPD making about 10 and 14 million grownups ( CDC, 2010 ) . However, informations from the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveysishowed that about 24 million U.S. grownups have impaired lung capacities, which proves that COPD is under diagnosed. About 8 million physician office and infirmary outpatient visits were related to COPD with 1.5 million exigency section visits and 726,000 hospitalizations taking to about 119,000 deceases ( NCH, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Swadron & A ; Mandavia ( 2009 ) , Men were assumed to be more apt to hold COPD. About 5 % of all white American work forces have COPD, while merely 2 % of all adult females have the disease. However, with the increased rate of smoke among adult females over the last decennary, there is a significant addition in the decease rate ensuing from COPD in adult females, from 58.4/100,000 in 2000 to 65.2/100,000 in 2005 as stated by the American lung association ( ALA ) . The twelvemonth 2000 was recognized as the first clip the figure of adult females deceasing from COPD exceeds the figure of work forces. This tendency continues thenceforth ( Anthonisen, 2008 ; ALA, 2009 ) . The American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society ( ATS, 2010 ) , ias good as the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines indicate that spirometry is the gilded criterion for diagnosing of COPD. These standardsiencourage executing spirometry in all individuals with a history of smoke and occupational exposure to pollution, subjects with positive household history of COPD, or in instances of chronic productive cough with dyspnoea. This is related to the fact that the aassessment of airway obstructor is the lone nonsubjective manner for the diagnosing and appraisal of chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) . The clinical and pathological facets of COPD, in add-on to the demand for measuring and appraisal in these instances, were mentioned in the first subdivision. In the following subdivision, the writer will discourse the facets of the mini undertaking including methodological analysis, informations aggregation, analysis and consequences concluded. This undertaking was done at the School of Health, Community and Education Studies in Northumbria Universityis Coach Lane Campus in the Sports Gymnasium under the surveillance of Dr. John Stephens and Dr. Mike Parr who are the faculty leaders of the PL0733 i.e. , iMeasurement and Assessment in Physiotherapyi . 8 of the MSc Physiotherapy pupils participated in the research and carried out the spirometry proving successfully. The procedure started at 10 a.m. and finished at 12 midday. The purpose of this survey is to find the function of spirometry as a tool for measuring and appraisal of COPD instances. For this purpose quantitative attack was used as it suits the intent with its mensurating phenomena and positivism doctrine ( Creswell, 2003 ) . ICF will be used as a model to measure the values of the result adopted by the proposed research. During this research, the research worker relied on positive paradigm, as opposed to the phenomenological paradigm used in qualitative research which does non carry through the demands of the survey ( Glesne & A ; Peshkin 1992 ) . This explains the authoris pick of quantitative methodological analysis as the research did non take to develop theory but aimed to analyze the function of spirometry and compare research findings with the already established theory in the literature.

Why does being Educated Part of Society Matter in Community Essay

Why does being Educated Part of Society Matter in Community - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that in communities where literacy rate is low, people still live below the poverty line. Therefore, education is very vital for financial stability of a society. The rich people can also improve the economic status of their community by helping the needy to continue with their education by paying for their school fees. Apart from catering for school fees, an educated person can serve as a role model to others, thus encouraging them to work hard towards advancing their education. Therefore, being educated is a very vital thing towards the development of the entire community.This paper outlines that  everyone lives in a society that has set unspoken and spoken rules and one of these rules is education. One of the expectations of a society is that everyone should go to school, advance his or her education in college or university, get a well-paying job, and settle down. In fact, one of the things that help an individual to become a prosperous member i n his society in education.  Educated people are believed to certainly have higher chances of contributing to their community. Being educated helps one to become part of the active members who participate in all developments and ongoing changes in the society. Participating in the events that promotes the well-being of a society grants one much respect from the community members.  Everybody likes knowledgeable and wise person. This is why educated people in a society are always considered reputable in their society.

Problem Set on Price Levels and Open Economy Macro Essay

Problem Set on Price Levels and Open Economy Macro - Essay Example 2. When national income rises due to increased payments, imports are likely to increase in value relative to exports and as a result, the external value of the currency will depreciate thus weakening real and nominal exchange rates in the long run. For example, the 1986 fall in the price of oil led to a depreciation of the sterling pound on the foreign-exchange market. On the other hand, a reduction in national income reduces import in value relative to exports the resultant effect being the appreciation of external value of currency thus strengthening real and nominal exchange rates in the long run. 3. Factors such as indirect taxes, subsidies and transport costs may change prices of goods in a country but not affect the exchange rates. If a country imposes tariff on imports from abroad, the price in the home market would rise but since less foreign currency would be spent on it, the long run exchange rate will tend to improve. The long run nominal exchange rate will also improve. 4. Short-term capital moves from one country to another as changes take place in the rate of interest being offered by each country.

The Need for Management Accounting Information Essay

The Need for Management Accounting Information - Essay Example Management accounting is a branch of accounting that provides accounting information for use by the management internally (Drury 7). Sharma duly notes that the accounting information provided by management accountants is utilized in decision making by a firm (Sharma 100). The information forms a basis for informed decisions to be made. It is imperative to have the relevant information before making decisions especially those that have immense impacts on the fortunes of an organization. Concrete management decisions, if based on reliably generated management information, can ensure profitability (Riahi-Belkaoui 28). Management information simplifies complex accounting phenomena drawn from different disciplines, classify them and present them in a way that managers can understand and, consequently, make informed decisions. Okoli asserts that the value of making the right decisions cannot be overstated; it is extremely valuable than indecision and, certainly, more desirable than wrong d ecisions (Okoli 53). For a profit making organization, the indecision of a manager is as bad as making the wrong decision. This paper delves into the impact that management accounting information has on a management decision making hoping to show the need for managers to be furnished with this kind of information. In an effort to achieve that objective this paper starts by highlighting the characteristics of management accounting information and differentiating it from financial accounting information.

Knowledge Management And Organizational Learning Essay

Knowledge Management And Organizational Learning - Essay Example As Noe (2002, p. 168) noted, knowledge management is a management process that the performance of a business can be enhanced by designing, implementing and strategically aligning various tools, processes, systems, structure and cultures with a view to create and share knowledge among its people and to use for overall business purpose. The very basic three elements included in Knowledge management are 1) creation of the knowledge through some effective strategies, 2) sharing of the created knowledge among people and 3) making it available and useful for any business purpose.   Knowledge Management has been found to be useful for the organization as it helps it get the products to the target market quicker, develop innovative ideas, serve the customer well in order to maintain customer loyalty and retention and achieve sustainable competitive advantages. As Boxall and Macky (2009, p. 10) emphasized, knowledge management helps a business achieve high performance working through variou s strategic processes and organizational development programs.   Knowledge Management has emerged to be a management tool that focuses on data, information and knowledge among the employees in an organization (Awad and Ghaziri, 2007, p. 26) and encompasses the processes by which experience, skills, expertise, knowledge and abilities are gathered, then shared among the people and utilized so that these can be converted to collective organizational learning process (Foster, 2005, p. 397).  

Programme and Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Programme and Project Management - Essay Example This paper is aimed at developing a comprehensive understanding of the concepts of strategic project management and its roles in the modern project management context. The paper presents a review of various studies in order to incorporate a precise and detailed study of strategic project management under the literature review segment. It moves forward to analyze a case in an organizational context of use and application of strategic project management so as to align the theory better with the practice and gain practical insights into the theoretical study. The second part is a case study of strategic project management implementation in respect to Marathon Oil Company. The case tries to understand factors responsible for success of the communication and brand building project adopted by the company, thereby connecting the theory with practicality. According to Callahan and Brooks (2004), Strategic Project Management is the appropriate and fitting use of all kinds of project management tools, knowledge and skills, that these deliverables of the project contribute towards company goals and strategic company objectives in a manner that can be easily measured. SPM or Strategic Project Management also takes into account the manner of company’s business and allows scope for undertaking fewer risks so as to gain significant payoffs. However, apart from this, the most important aspect of SPM is that senior leadership has to be involved in selection, definition and prioritization of projects that are undertaken in a company. Hence, strategic project management can be further defined as the process of making selections, measuring and managing outcomes of a project, which in turn ensures optimal outcome of a project. All projects that are undertaken by a company to meet a designated set of criteria are established by organization al leadership, which together makes sure that they are well-aligned with the strategic organizational

Xeriscape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Xeriscape - Essay Example Yesterday I interviewed a neighbor who has a green lawn in front of her house. My first question was to inquire whether she knew about xeriscape. Surprisingly, she had heard about it but did not have any idea of what it pertained. From her opinion, xeriscape was a garden with cactus and rocks over it. This is the reason she preferred green lawn to xeriscape. The argument used here is deductive reasoning based on the general statement. Some people still think that xeriscape must resemble either death valley with bone-dry and filled with cacti or ugly looking plant. This is not the case, but can be as refreshing as an oasis. Besides that, some of the native plants have unique and attractive color, which can make the entire garden appear beautiful and lively. In addition, the neighbor thought that the xeriscape would be complex to take care because of the plants planted around the yard as compared to green lawns, which do not have plants. Still, the argument in here is deductive reasoning based on faulty conclusion. In reality, green lawns are more complex to maintain and expensive than xeriscape. Even though the plants in xeriscape make it appear complex, it is ease it to maintain. This is because unlike green lawns, xeriscape does not require sprinkle system, grass cutting, and saves a lot of water. It is most applicable to those people with limited time to care for heir garden. More time is consumed in maintaining green lawns, as it requires grass cutting monthly to maintain its appearance. The sprinkle systems used in green lawns consume a lot of water. From the lady’s perception, xeriscape would not match with the Los Angeles climate. Surprisingly, from her idea that xeriscape resembles cactus, she thought that people would laugh at her, and criticize her of living in a desert where cactus are grown. The argument used in coming up with this thought is stereotype. Exhibited in real life, numerous plants can be planted

The Role of Human Resource in the Success of an Organization Essay

The Role of Human Resource in the Success of an Organization - Essay Example They were treated with less concern and still the focus of human resource were on improving the methodologies of production by focusing on skills of workers and how they will be able to accomplish their tasks in relation to their job. Other factors that affects effectiveness of worker i.e. interest and career growth, were of less consequence as measure of organizational effectiveness. As more studies were conducted to determine secrets of effective management, more theories and findings were identified and more books were written that give precedence to the significance of behavioral factors in the success of managing organizations or developing teams to accomplish organizational objectives. Total Quality Management, for one covers several aspects of management. It applies to the quality of the strategic thinking exhibited by executives, the quality of the firm’s ethics or company beliefs, the quality of training, the quality of technology management, and to the quality of communications2. It encompasses everything. If you’ll look at it, it significantly stresses higher concern on the human resource factor and it is way beyond the original concept of how industry looks at the role of HR to the effective management. Now, HR is an integral part of management and plays significant part in the success of the organization. They became a partner of the management team and perform more than personnel management or office records management. HR became not only as a mother figure in a commercial company, who talks and handles grievances of employees but also, they play a role in decision-making, policy development and implementation of the company’s aspirations and beliefs.

The House of Tata Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The House of Tata - Case Study Example The House of Tata, India’s oldest and largest group of companies, was also one of the country’s most respected business organizations. The Tata Group enterprises, worth a market value of Rs. 290 billion in FY96, included 84 separately traded companies spanning 25 sectors of the economy, with 270,000 employees and FY95 sales of Rs. 220 billion.2 Ratan Tata, chairman since 1991 of the group holding company. Jamsetji Tata planted the roots of the Tata Group by establishing a single textile mill in 1874. Throughout his expansive career, he never lost sight of his goal to encourage India’s industrial and intellectual development. The House of Tata built world-class capacity in steel and hydroelectric power, and developed modern manufacturing methods, technical education, and research capabilities. Jamsetji founded the J.N. Tata Endowment Trust in 1892 to provide loan scholarships for Indian nationals with outstanding academic records to pursue higher studies abroad. T he later Tatas lived up to their patriarch’s legacy, and by the mid 20th century, 85% of the Tata family’s original share in Tata Sons was transferred to two charitable trusts, the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and the Sir Ratan Tata Trust.

What Does the American Dream Mean to an Immigrant Essay Example for Free

What Does the American Dream Mean to an Immigrant Essay In Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds,† the differences between the mother and daughter showcase the different perceptions of the American dream and how expectations of parents can disrupt their child’s self-actualization. Jing-Mei’s mother believes that her daughter could accomplish her goals just because of how Shirley Temple showed how she was a natural phenomenon on TV or how the little Chinese girl playing the piano illustrated her mastery of the instrument. Jing-Mei declares, â€Å"My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. † (305) Media can truly sway some people into thinking they can be movie star or a sports star; it usually only displays how well a person can perform what he or she is good in, not the diligence and endeavors it took to get to that point. Parents’ expectations can also get in the way of their child’s self-actualization. With the influence of the media, parents’ expectations can truly prevent children from choosing their own destiny. Undoubtedly, many immigrants come over to the United States to seek better lives not only for their selves, but also for their families. Lots of people have different approaches of what the American Dream actually means. To some, it is finding happiness in life. To others, it may be becoming successful and evolving into a wealthy person. There are endless amounts of visualizations of what it means. But to the mother in the story, I believe she presumes that it means her daughter maturing into a prodigy in something like acting or music and being able to take part in activities her mother couldn’t. At first, the mother convinces Jing-Mei that she really can be a prodigy: In fact, in the beginning, I was just as excited as my mother, maybe even more so. I pictured this prodigy part of me as many different images, trying each one on for size. I was a dainty ballerina girl standing by the curtains, waiting to hear the right music that would send me floating on my tiptoes. I was like the Christ child lifted out of the straw manger, crying with holy indignity. I was Cinderella stepping from her pumpkin carriage with sparkly cartoon music filling the air. (306) But soon after all of her mother’s overwhelming tests and stories, Jing-Mei comes to the realization that she does not have the intellect nor the dedication required to become a youth prodigy. She states, â€Å"I pretended to be bored. And I was. I got so bored I started counting the bellows of the foghorns out on the bay while my mother drilled me in other areas.† (307) The mother had the wrong idea of Jing-Mei like some foreigners do when they think they can come to America and have a quick rise to fame and riches without hard work and dedication. Likewise, a friend of mine named Tony Nguyen, similar to the mother in the story, traveled over from Asia with his family to pursue better lives. They came from the slums of Vietnam and his parents wanted him to become a successful person. Like Jing-Mei, Tony’s parents wished for him to be successful in life and try to become a doctor, engineer, or surgeon. But he also did not want to follow any of the career paths his parents mentioned. He wanted to chase his own dreams and achieve his own legacy, so he decided to attend SCAD and major in film. Tony never took into account that his parents set those goals for him because they wanted him to be something they never had the opportunity to be. He did not realize the sacrifices and hardships his parents experienced to give him a more prominent life, much like Jing-Mei. Indeed, Jing-Mei’s mother really pushes for her daughter to become a mastermind even when Jing-Mei clearly proves she didn’t have the work ethic for it. Jing-Mei even shouts, â€Å"Why don’t you like me the way I am? I’m not a genius!† Her mother then slaps her and bellows, â€Å"Who ask you be genius?† (308) But was her mother wrong for pushing her? Jing-Mei came off as ungrateful and ignorant to me, especially when she said, â€Å"Then I wish I wasn’t your daughter. I wish you weren’t my mother,† and â€Å"I wish I’d never been born!† (312) She should’ve acknowledged that her mother was only trying to offer her opportunities she could not have at her age. But then again, the idea that parents’ expectations can prevent a child from becoming who they truly are comes into play. Maybe if the mother would’ve backed off some and let Jing-Mei decide what she wanted to do with her life then ci rcumstances would’ve gone a lot better between them. Nevertheless, the way Jing-Mei’s mother was hard on her all boils down to culture. In America, individualism is valued much greater than other countries. Places like India and Japan are much stricter on education than the US. Many parents in those countries have the same expectations of their children, such as becoming a doctor or an engineer. Parents in the United States are usually less strict and aren’t set on their children having one goal in life. But how should parents go about introducing their offspring to career passageways? Parents should open their children’s eyes to assortments of activities to truly broaden their horizons and let them figure out what they want to be; rather than setting for them one distinctive motive and telling them what they will be in life. In conclusion, what the media portrays can manipulate what the American Dream means to some. In the story, Jing-Mei’s mother envisions her daughter becoming a true child prodigy after watching television shows such as ‘The Ed Sullivan Show’ and ‘Shirley Temple’. The way her mother wants her to be a superstar truly holds Jing-Mei back from fulfilling her individual potential and finding out who she really is. Her mother thinks that just because she saw girls Jing-Mei’s age on television, her daughter will be able to mimic them effortlessly. Jing-Mei’s mother wanted to accomplish her own dreams through her daughter, but she should’ve actualized that what the media demonstrates isn’t for everyone.

Development Of Sentencing Policy In England Law Essay

Development Of Sentencing Policy In England Law Essay According to Andrew Ashworth (Sentencing and Criminal Justice, 5th Edition, Cambridge University Press (2010), p.77), section 142 of The Criminal Justice Act 2003 appears to embody the worst of pick-and-mix sentencing, and one which invites inconsistency. In the light of this statement discuss, and comment, on the aims and purposes of sentencing. To what extent are they a reflection of sentencing currently practised by courts? This essay seeks to consider the way in which the sentencing policy has developed under English law on the basis of the fact that many academics including Ashworth look upon the current system as being somewhat pick-and-mix illustrated by section 142 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. With this in mind, this essay looks to produce a discussion that is considered to be able to serve to provide an understanding of the aims of sentencing traditionally and as to how English law has looked to fulfil these aims and the extent to which they have proved successful in this regard. In considering the idea section 142 of The Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 appears to embody the worst of pick-and-mix sentencing (Ashworth, 2010), it is necessary to appreciate how it may invite inconsistency by first discussing the aims of sentencing before looking to expand and focus this discussion upon the specific provision and related provisions. On this basis, it should be possible to then determine the extent to which these aims are a reflection of policies of sentencing currently practised by courts in the UK and their associated aims. Finally, this essay will then look to conclude with a summary of the key points derived from this discussion in relation to the remit of sentencing in the UK and as to how it is currently practised by domestic courts. When considering the different aims of sentencing there are significant rationales involved with the development of an effective policy focussed upon achieving retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, restorative justice, and incapacitation founded upon a specific offenders culpability that can prove complicated (Tonry, 2005). Nevertheless, such an understanding is ably supported by philosopher, Immanuel Kant (2002) to mark the beginning of modern theories of punishment as he argued the only morally legitimate justification for sentencing. Therefore, the key function of such policy is to look to ensure offenders receive the appropriate sentences to manage the apparent conflict that exists between individual liberty under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950 (domestically implemented by the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998) and the interests of society as a whole (see, for example, Steel v. United Kingdom). However, it has proved difficult for an effective sente ncing policy to develop that is able to find a balance between the aims that have been recognised to account for goals of crime-prevention and the apportioning of punishment (Fraser, 2005). More specifically, government policy makers have sought to explain away major changes with a view to increasing public confidence (Home Office, 2002, p.13) because the criminal justice system domestically did not have the necessary credibility and legitimacy government policy makers felt was necessary to make punishments and sanctions for criminal activity more effective, certain, and consistent (Tonry, 2005). Sentencing policy in the UK has been largely explained by the fact that, for over a decade, government policy makers have explained away major changes as part of a larger effort to increase public confidence in the English legal system (Home Office, 2002, p.13). Prior to the making of these changes, it had been a traditional social belief this countrys criminal justice system did not have the necessary credibility and legitimacy government policy makers felt was necessary to make criminal punishments more effective, certain, and consistent to address citizens problems (Tonry, 2005). But, despite this clear need and the changes, it is arguable that sentencing has still become something of a pick and mix process aptly illustrated by section 142 of the CJA 2003 regarding the purpose of sentencing policy in the English legal system (Ashworth, 2010). Therefore, both the aims and purpose of the domestic system of sentencing has arguably been lost without set guidelines to follow in the int erests of fairness and consistency regarding the sanctioning of offenders because the current codification of the law is arguably too discretionary for the judiciary to utilise in keeping with the remit of their powers as it relates to making their decisions in any given case. Section 142 of the CJA 2003 recognises criminal courts need to consider the following purposes of sentencing (a) punishment; (b) the reduction of crime; (c) reform and rehabilitation; (d) social protection; and (e) reparation. As a result, unfortunately, it is arguable such a provision was always bound to lead to significant problems because it seems to require the judiciary to actively consider a variety of aims before then giving weight to one factor above all of the rest that they must consider to reach a decision (Ashworth, 2010). But such concerns regarding sentencing serve to detract from its aims that now arguably lack foundation since the Sentencing Guidelines Council has adopted section 143 as opposed to section 142 of the CJA 2003 to determine appropriate sanctions for criminal offenders (Tonry, 2005). Section 143 specifically provides, for the purpose of sentencing, the court must consider the offenders culpability in committing the offence and any harm which the offenc e caused, was intended to cause or might foreseeably have cause. Therefore, it has been for the Sentencing Guidelines Council to focus its attention upon the proportionality principle to determine what is required for the sentencing of individual criminal offences to be more effective (Von Hirsch Roberts, 2004). However, the policy of sentencing under English law still remains sufficiently uncertain so one is left to wonder what will happen if section 142 of the CJA 2003 is favoured when determining how the Sentencing Guidelines Councils Overarching Principles Seriousness (2004) is to be followed by the courts in deciding sanctions in any given case. This is because it has proved arguable that section 142 under the CJA 2003 has already given the judiciary too greater autonomy in deciding the sentencing of offenders in any given case regarding the appropriate sanction for the offence the defendant has committed where they are found guilty (Rex Tonry, 2005, Chapter 5). As a result, doubts have arisen throughout society about whether changes in sentencing would actually reduce crime when many people have sought tougher penalties to reduce crime rates through a system that expounded the virtues of deterrence and incapacitation to achieve the aforementioned aims of sentencing. At the same time, however, there is a need to appreciate the prospect for effective rehabilitation from the sentence that an offender is given has changed quite radically under contemporary law. This is because effectively targeted programs, as part of an offenders sentence, can serve to limit the probability of that individual then re-offending through the drug treatment, anger management, sex-offender treatment, and various educational and vocational-skills programs implemented to prevent further offences occurring in the interests of crime prevention within society (Gaes, 1999). By way of illustration, the Home Offices Halliday Report provided the foundation for a massive reorganisation of the English criminal justice system under the CJA 2003 so it was concluded if the [treatment] programmes are developed and applied as intended, to the maximum extent possible, reconviction rates might be reduced by 5-25 percentage points. (Halliday, et al, 2001, p.7) Therefore, a new approach to custodial sentences was proposed and endorsed totalling less than a year with three specific options available. The first is custody plus consisting of a maximum of 13 weeks in prison with the rest being made up by community service, whilst sentencing may also consist of a policy of intermittent custody that involves weekend imprisonment for up 51 weeks (sections 183-186 at CJA 2003). Finally, there is also the possibility of custody minus whereby the offenders sentence is suspended for a maximum of 51 weeks with community service carried out instead (Von Hisch Roberts, 2004). On this basis, the methods for dealing with minor criminal matters have taken on greater significance with the CJA 2003s enactment, since sections 22-27 now also supplement the existing system of cautions (under the Police Criminal Evidence Act 1984) with conditional cautions which may be given when the conditions set out are fulfilled (Ashworth Redmayne, 2005, Chapter 6). However, whilst the CJA 2003 has introduced a new mandatory minimum sentence of five years for possession of firearms without a licence under section 287, there has been a distinct lack of Court of Appeal guidance for the minimum sentence for domestic burglary (section 111 at Power of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000) but was not endorsed by the Court of Appeal (R v. Hoare) unlike, for example, guidelines on rape (R v. Milberry). Moreover, the CJA 2003 also eliminated the automatic life imprisonment sentence and absorbed it within the new dangerousness sentences (sections 224-236 Schedules 15 18 of the CJA 2003 because decisions like Stafford v. UK recognised the Home Secretarys power to set a minimum time for someone to remain in prison who is imprisoned for life (see also section 269 Schedule 21 of the CJA 2003). As for the matter of previous convictions impact upon sentencing individual offenders, where an individual has already been convicted of another offence they should be liable to a much stricter penalty for all offences they are convicted of thereafter because such convictions are illustrative of an individuals bad character in court proceedings to impact upon a given case (Choo, 2006, Chapter 8). However, the CJA 2003 have proved somewhat controversial to say the least because the precise moment of their coming into force has proved a matter of notable dispute (R v. Bradley) as well as the fact that, in a criminal trial, any evidence relevant to the case should be admissible (Rees Roberts, 2006). This proved necessary because it was previously largely understood under section 1(3) of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 the prosecution in any criminal case was unable to adduce evidence of a defendants bad character except regarding the offence a defendant was charged with unless it was co nsidered probative to the best interests of justice (Durston, 2004). But what Lord Wilberforce said in Boardman v. Director of Public Prosecutions (p.444) acted as a caveat in recognising the admission of similar fact evidence (of the kind now in question) is exceptional and requires a strong degree of probative force to be admissible prior to the CJA 2003. Therefore, the level of sentencing may then be determined fairly and consistently in keeping with the facts of any given case to provide sufficient sanctions in the best interests of justice for society as a whole (Fitzpatrick, 2006). In addition, the exclusionary rule previously emphasised as being of fundamental significance against the admission of previous misconduct and other evidence of bad character has now been largely abolished where it is found the matters to be considered are relevant to the issues at hand (section 101 of the CJA 2003). By way of illustration, under section 103(1) of the CJA 2003, the matters in issue between the defendant and the prosecution include: (a) The question whether the defendant has a propensity to commit offences of the kind with which he is charged, except where his having such a propensity makes it no more likely that he is guilty of the offence (Roberts, 2006). But whilst there is little doubt those who drafted this provision intended to make evidence of a defendants bad character admissible because it shows they have a general tendency to commit offences, there is room for considerable doubt about whether the provision achieves its aim (Withey, 2007). To conclude, policy makers under English law have sought to develop a system of sentencing that fulfils its recognised aims since the CJA 2003 has sought to provide for the achievement of higher levels of fairness in the decisions reached to prevent further instances of crime and act in societys best interests. This is because not only can an effective system of sentencing provide a deterrent for others in society, but this can also serve as a means of punishment and rehabilitation. However, whilst the CJA 2003s remit has been called into question because it would seem to give too wider discretion to the judiciary in looking to reason out their decisions, previous convictions must also now be taken into account in determining the level of sentencing for any individual found guilty of a criminal offence as an indication of bad character under the CJA 2003. But, to achieve a consistent and fair approach to the administration of justice through an effective sentencing policy, it is stil l necessary to adhere to the Act to come to a fair approach to sentencing and sanctions to punish and rehabilitate a guilty offender whilst also deterring others from carrying out similar offences.

Pre Bored Steel H Piling System

Pre Bored Steel H Piling System Although Hong Kong is featured of its Skyscrapers all over the world, and it seems that H-Piling system may not have enough bearing capacity to their superstructure, there are still many servicing buildings and small-scale infrastructure developing, the loading of which is capable to be borne by H-Piling system, in the city. In the following words, a brief introduction over Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system will be presented associated with related cases applying such kind of piling system in Hong Kong in order to draw a more detailed picture over the application of Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system in Hong Kong. The principle of Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system is similar to the Bored Piling system. Both of them are replacement pile and require boring the initial hole on the site for the insertion of the temporary or permanent steel casing, depending on its design. After the completion of the boring process, the soil and rock inside the steel casing will then be extracted and the workers will place the reinforcement material inside the steel casing. That is the major variation between Bored Piling and Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling System. For Bored Piling, the reinforcement bars will be bent in order to form the circular cage (Figure 1). However, H Steel Pile will be the reinforcement material in Pre-bored H-Piling system. Grouting is then started after placing reinforcement material to form the pile. Since the diameter of Bored Piling can be larger than Pre-Bored H-Piling, the former one can typically take up more loading than the latter one. Therefore, small-scale construction project is most likely to use Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system in Hong Kong. The cases introduced later are small in scale, but they do play an important role in our city. D:yr1 sem1BRE 291 Con techProject Photos (Construction site)Week 4 23102009CIMG0341.JPG Figure 1: Reinforcement Bar for Bored Piling Figure 2: H-Pile for Reinforcement in Pre- Bored H-Piling system The first case being examined is the construction of Queen Mary Interchange near Queen Mary Hospital and Pok Fu Lam Road. It is a road improvement project initiated by the local government at the two junctions, which are in Sassoon Road and Bisney Road with Pok Fu Lam Road, on Hong Kong Island. The aim of this project is to relieve the congestion problem existing in these roads by constructing a new interchange, comprising of several bridges. C:UsersAlan KwokDesktopperspec.jpg Figure 3: Model of proposed development Figure 4: Queen Mary Interchange à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Still in the progress of construction As we can see in the model of proposed development (Figure 3), the interchange, which located at the bottom of the figure, is locating on a slope. Since the the soil in slope exert a considerable amount of bending and tensile stress, according to Tomlinson (1994), H-pile is able to withstand such kind of extreme situation due to its unique H design. Therefore, the authority concerned decided to build the interchange with Pre-Bored Drill-in Steel H-Piles. Moreover, the short erection time and economical construction cost are also the reason to make use of such kind of piling system in this project. According to Kumaraswamy, Mohan (2002), the whole process of developing a Pre-Bored drill-in H pile, i.e. pre-drilling, drilling and grouting, can be finished in 3 working days. We can also see that the site is not so spacious enough to place some large-scale machinery during the pile development. The development of Pre-Bored Drill-in Steel H-Piles can overcome this problem because the diam eter of this pile is only 600mm in this case The size of drilling techniques can be controlled and fitted into the congested site. C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop1000.jpg Figure 5: The congested site on a steep slope in this construction of Queen Mary Interchange Before the development of pile in this project, several raw materials and tools are required to present. Here is the table showing what are needed, C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop8.jpg Circular steel casing of internal diameter 600mm and thickness 25mm C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop10.jpg Steel H-pile, which will be inserted in the steel casing C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop843.jpg Hydraulic hammer mounted on crawler crane Table 1: Major Material list for constructing pile of Queen Mary Interchange In the very first stage of developing Pre-Bored Drill-in Pile in this project, engineers will have a pre-drilling through the soil layers and rock within the site in order to identify the underground condition, such as the rock head levels and the strength of the soil. It is an important procedure since it will determine the type, length, etc of the pile. Any wrong measurement, especially overestimate the soil/rock supporting capacity, will make the whole project lose ground because the whole structure will be ruined, the typical case is the Block E and F of Yu Chui Court, demolished after discovering the corruption scandal, which developed by piles shorter than the standard and cause possible dangerous to its users . After the completion of soil investigation and analysis, the engineers would then design and choose the most suitable piling system for different project. In the construction of Queen Mary Interchange, the engineers found out that the Pre-bored piling system is suitable for construction of high-way bridges at the steep slope on the site. The site-workers firstly pressed the circular steel casing inside the ground through the help of Hydraulic Hammer which is mounted on a crawler crane. The reason to plug the steel casing into the ground was to prevent the soil from collapsing inside the hole, which would be placed H-pile inside it, during the process of drilling. C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop1.jpg C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop9.jpg Figure 6: Inserting circular steel casing into ground by hydraulic hammer mounted on crawler crane Figure 7: Connecting two steel casings by welding when the length is not enough The process in Figure 7 happened when the steel casings being installed were not long enough to reach the target depth into the soil. By welding the end of two steel casings, the total length of it can be extended. For the inadequate length of H-Pile, their length can also be extended through welding. When the steel casing reached the bed rock level and formed a socket, the next stage is to remove those soil and rock inside the steel tube, as shown in Figure 8. The ground was drilled with a hammer mounted on a drilling rig so as to remove the obstruction underground. This process could enable the hard rock and pressed soil to become extractable out of the steel casing. In this project, the obstructions were then extracted out by flushing the case with water and compressed air. The compressed air acted at the initial force and the water acted as a transferring medium to carry out the obstruction out of the earth. The above two procedures will take turns to start until all of the obstruction inside the tube were wholly carried out. C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop2.jpg C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop3.jpg Figure 8: Removing obstruction by drilling with down-the-hole hammer mounted on drilling rig Figure 9: Withdrawing soil from inside the casing by flushing with water and compressed air The H-Piles would then be installed inside the empty steel casing after the clearance of obstruction inside. Meanwhile, a 20mm diameter grout tube was also placed to full length of the pile in order to prepare its grouting process later on. C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop4.jpg Figure 10: Installing steel H-pile inside the empty steel casing The grouting process is to have a re-bonding between the soil and the H-piles with the suitable grade of concrete by tremmie method from the bottom to the top of the casing. Tremmie method is a concrete-pouring method in some dry spaces underground deeply. Since a tube is used to pour the concrete from the bottom, the force of falling concrete can be controlled through shortening the distance of freely movement of the concrete. It can prevent the concrete from improperly mixed when it is placed at the bottom of the casing which result in voids and air packet which can cause possible danger to the whole structure. The temporary steel casings were extracted gradually when the fresh concrete was pouring inside since the bonding force of the concrete is not strong at this moment. However, engineers maintained the bottom of the casing at a level of at least 2 meters below the grout surface to ensure that there was enough time range for the concrete to form the circular shape. The grouting operation was stopped when the uncontaminated grout flowed out of the hole to ensure the purity of concrete poured inside the casing. C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop5.jpg C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop7.jpg Figure 11: Grouting the steel casing with suitable grade of concrete by tremmie method Figure 12: Extracting the steel casing while grouting is going on C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop6.jpg C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop11.jpg Figure 13: Grouting the steel casing with suitable grade of concrete by tremmie method Figure 14: Extracting the steel casing while grouting is going on The finishing of grouting process means that the whole development of Pre-Bored Drill-in H-Pile system is come into the end soon. After the dewatering process of the concrete attached to the H-Pile itself, the drilled-in H-Pile was finished. Figure 13 shows the product of the above stages. It is a group of drilled-in H-Piles that were formed a combined pile cap for the highway bridges in Queen Mary Interchange. To verify its bear capacity, loading test was taken place in order to test its vertical deflection. Once the test was passed, the superstructure developments were then taken place. Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system is not only applied in local road constructions, but it is also applied in some small-scale construction of buildings in Hong Kong. There is a typical example, which is the construction of Sheung Wan Stormwater Pumping Station (SWSPS) on Hong Kong Island. It is a single-storey building with a underground water tank with 11 meters deep at the Chung Kong Road, which is the waterfront of Sheung Wan. This project was to alleviate the flooding problem in Sheung Wan. C:UsersAlan KwokDesktop391 projectProduct of construction.png Figure 15: Sheung Wan Stormwater Pumping Station Figure 16: Location Plan of Sheung Wan Stormwater Pumping Station According to the paper presented by Leung,Li and Leung (2009), the site of the Sheung Wan Stormwater Pumping station was reclaimed in 1982. The material used for reclaimed it are as followed, Fill (medium grained granite) Marine Deposit Alluvium Completely Decomposed Granite (CDG) Originally the engineers decided to build up this service station with 60 numbers of large diameter bored piles, and the diameter of which are ranged from 1.2 meters to 1.5 meters. Figure 17: The Original Bored Pile Layout Plan of SWSPS Figure 18: The Geological Section Across the site (LandÃÆ' ¯Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Seawall) But later on, the contractor of this project advised the government to build up the superstructure and sub-structure over a combination of rock socketted H-piles, mini-piles and raft foundation. The government finally accepted the advice from the contractor and starting the construction process. Referring back to the Figure 17, the PC5 Zone, all of the piling would be changed into the Pre-Bored H-piling system. For the other zoning, mini-piles were used. The major reason to change the piling system, as the paper disclosed, was because of the cost effectiveness. First of all, since the diameter of the steel casing used in Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system is far smaller than the bored piling system. The grouting process of the former one will consuming less amount of concrete than the latter one, which can reduce the cost of development. Table 2: The difference in pile foundation between the initial and final plan Besides the cost consideration factor, the time used for developing these two different kinds of piling systems is different. As what Kumaraswamy, Mohan (2002) said, the whole process of developing a Pre-bored H-piling system only cost around 3 days. However, the development of a foundation pile normally takes up more than 3 days. Since the amount of pile developed in this project is large, i.e. nearly 50 piles are changed from bored pile to pre-bored H piling system. The time cost saved through the final plan is considerable. In the aspect of technical operation, the required pile capacity of the pumping station is 6900 kN. For bored piling, For bored piling (The government of HKSAR,2006), typical sizes of these piles range from 1 m to 3 m, with lengths up to about 80 m and working loads up to about 45 000 kN. When high grade and heavy steel H-pile section is used, the load-carrying capacity can exceed 5 500 kN. We can see that the loading capacity of bored piling is far more than the loading requirement of the pumping station. However, we can also discover that a maximum of 1400kN was not be able to supported by Rock Socketted Steel H-Pile. The solution, as shown in Figure 18, is to place in 4 numbers of T50 steel bars inside each of the casing for reinforcement so as to remove the discrepancy. Therefore, the final plan can enable a more efficient use in the resource than the initial one. That is why it is reasonable for the government to change its decision. Figure 19: Typical detail of Rock Socketted H-piles of Alternative Design For the developing processes of the Pre-bored socketted H-piling system, most of them are the same as the Pre-bored Drilled-in piling system. The major difference between them is that the steel casing used in Pre-bored socketted H-piling system is permanently fixed inside the soil, while the steel casing used in Pre-bored Drilled-in piling system was temporary in used. They are removed during grouting. In this project, the rock socket H-piles were installed through the help of concentric overburden drilling system with air-flushing. It uses a rotary-percussive action for drilling and uses air flushing for removal of debris before casting in the H-pile inside the tube and grouting. In conclusion, the loading bearing capacity of Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system is relatively lower than the other common piling system used in Hong Kong. However, due to its mobility during installation and its strength, it is still also commonly applied in some small-scale development in local projects. -The End-

Early Civilizations Essay -- essays research papers

Early Civilizations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From 3000 BC to 1500 BC four civilizations arose that historians to this day marvel at, the Egyptians, the Sumerians, the Indus River Valley people, and the Shang dynasty in China. They all had great accomplishments in government, and religion and inventions. While they had their own different civilizations many similarities arise, such as depending on the river and their polytheistic religions. They had very isolated civilizations with the exception of the Sumerians. The geography, religion, and their governments all contributed to their success as a civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Egyptians were situated in northern Africa around the Nile. The Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Nubian Desert, and Libyan Desert were the natural boundaries that made the Egyptians very isolated. Also, the Indus River valley civilization was rather isolated, with water to the east and west, the Hindu Kush and Himalayas to the North. The monsoons that are seasonal flood the rivers. The Shang dynasty was situated in China over the Yellow River. On the contrary the Sumerians were not isolated at all in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamia was in the Fertile Crescent, which was why many invaders invaded their land, ultimately crushing them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The polytheistic religions of the early civilizations were rather similar. The Egyptians had pharaohs, which were considered to have a g...

Colonial Fiction: Mister Johnson Essay -- Essays Papers

Colonial Fiction: Mister Johnson The relationship between Rudbeck and Mister Johnson is extremely revealing with regards to the experience of the European administrators and the co-operation of the Nigerians in the colonial endeavour. Johnson is keenly aware that superiority for natives directly depends upon being on good terms with the coloniser. He consistently emphasises his belief that Rudbeck is his ''good friend'', and how he is ''mos' indispensable to ... His Majesty's service'' (85). It could be argued that this should not be passed off as simple native fantasy, put in for the amusement of the European reader. In many cases, Johnson is ''indispensable'' to the inexperienced Rudbeck, and throughout the novel, Johnson is constantly seen as the innovator in the relationship. In two important and inextricably linked areas, finances and roadbuilding, it is not the colonial government which responds to the needs of Rudbeck, but Johnson. As if to push this European dependence on the native a little further, Cary suggests that Rudbeck relies on Johnson in his personal life as well. For example, while Rudbeck is working on the road, Johnson is left to entertain his wife, Celia, an act of trust that both shocks and impresses the natives. We are told that ''this greatly increases [Johnson's] prestige in Fada, where the Emir does not even trust his chief eunuch with his wives'' (87). Concern over finances is a predominant theme throughout the novel, both for Johnson who constantly seems to be in debt, and Rudbeck who, due to the stringency of the Treasury, never has sufficient money or resources to carry out developments to the extent he would like. The reader is given the impression that, if he could , Rudbeck would be doing much more with Fada. He is a man of action, who longs to get out on the roads, working hard physically. Yet his ambitions are constantly frustrated, and he is left ''suffering'' (57) in his office, itching to get out again. On many levels - financial constraints, inexperience, communication difficult - his hands are tied. Johnson's personal finances never seem to pose the same extent of problems to him as do Rudbeck's. When dealing with finances, Rudbeck's ''many sudden depressions'' (77) often climax, and he simply concedes that everything is ''all damn nonsense, anyhow'' (53). Rudbeck knows only too well that he can expec... ... basics of what he expected from them. However, they are intelligent enough to let Rudbeck do ''most of the work himself'' (55) in the blistering African sun. Cary is hinting that the natives are not as gullible as the coloniser would like to believe. In reality, they are much more subversive. Indeed native subversion and resistance could be seen as one the key themes throughout the novel. In other cases, for example, Cary is not so subtle. He openly portrays Waziri offering Johnson favours and bribes to keep him informed about the contents of Rudbeck's safe, which contains all the papers and information sent from Britain, communications which were essential for indirect rule - a role Johnson carries out without a second thought concerning any moral loyalty to Rudbeck. As Cary sees it, in the colonial project, personalities and individuals are of no concern. In the imperialist longing for supremacy and the natives' response to this, people are used and discarded at will. Cary gives every indication that the problems faced by Rudbeck are universal throughout the colonial project. The plight of the colonial administrator seems doomed to a life of confusion and disillusionment.

Essay --

Expression System: Combination of host and expression vector and its DNA clone, induce the function of foreign gene within host cell that yield proteins in larger amount in called as expression system. pET Expression System: pET is a vector that is used for cloning of desired proteins within host cell. Introduction: pET expression system is widely used method for cloning for creation of No. of clones for most wanted proteins. For this purpose expression vector or recombinant vector is introduced within host cell. This recombinant vector carry all gene essential for manufacturing of proteins, having promoter suitable for host cell, it also carry terminal sequence for transcription, and also have ribosome binding sites. One pET expression system was introduced by W.F. Studies and B.A. Moffatt in 1986 that was expression system of T7 polymerase. Two methods were used for stability of T4 RNA polymerase. One of the method uses lambda bacteriophage for induction of coding gene for T4 RNA polymerase and another method involved in direct insertion of gene within chromosome. It is most used method due to production of proteins in large quantity, that present in T7 promoter and have only binding sites for RNA polymerase. (Moffatt. B.A, et. al. 1986) Control of levels of Basal Expression: There are six vector-host unions that are produced by pET expression system. These are essential because only one condition is unfavorable for protein that are targeted. (Resenberg. A.H, et. al. 1987) Host Strains: In non-expression host, after production of plasmids, they are interconverted into T7 polymerase gene (ÃŽ »DE3 lysogen) that carry host to express target protein. The lac UV5 promoter control the gene of T7 RNA polymerase in ... ...ide bond in cytoplasm is induced by strains of OrigamiTM. Rapid: †¢ System that uses E.coli gives results rapidly. †¢ Other vectors provide appropriate restriction sites that are used for subcloning. †¢ Targeted proteins are purified in single step, methods that contain no antibody are selected. Versatile: †¢ Fusion tags of N-Terminal and C-terminal are preferred to purify, purify and locate. †¢ Replication originated at f1 in sequencing and mutagenesis. †¢ Sites for multiple cloning are of wide range. Complete: †¢ Number of useful products †¢ Various shapes of systems. (Imotaka. H. et. al. 2009) Collusion: It is concluded that pET expression system is helpful in synthesizing of proteins. It induce transcription as well as translation. pET vector inserted within host cell carry desired gene to be cloned. pET expression system help in cloning of desirable gene or product.

Marks and Spencer

Abstract Currently, the retailer Marks and Spencer (M&S) is not only well-recognized among the UK citizens, although its branches are well established across the globe with many product categories available. During recent years, it has been found that the sales growth of Marks and Spencer’s merchandising, which has been its oldest and most important sector, has been in decline while the growth of M&S’s food sector has increased at an impressive pace. This study will attempt to find the factors responsible for the declining sales in clothing and the rising growth in food of Marks and Spencer, and hope to shed some lights on which areas the company should focus on to fix this decline in sales. The method will rely on the literature reviews of article from credible sources as well as published books. The paper will be analysed in two sections: factors affecting a sales slump in clothing, and factors affecting the rapid sales growth in the food department. 1. Introduction Established in 1884, Marks and Spencer has grown from a single-market company to a multinational corporation that has many branches around the world, including in England, the United States, and Thailand (www.marksandspencer.com, 2014). Not only has the 130-year-old corporation expanded across the globe, but it has also increased its product diversity as well. Although it began as a merchandising business, M&S currently sells a range of products, including women’s lingerie, sportswear, cosmetics and food. However recent sources, including Ahmed (2014), Ficenec (2014) and Pinnington (2014) have observed that the sales of the clothing division of M&S has been declining in recent years while that of the food department has increased; for instance, Ahmed (2014) at the BBC found that clothing has gone down by 1.5 percent in 2014, while a like-for-like sale of food has gone up by 1.7 percent in this time. Ficenec also added that the decreasing sales in the clothing department has be en going on for up to three years. As of late 2013, the sale of food accounted for more in the total sales of clothes, with 55 percent against 45 percent respectively (Ruddick, 2013). For the clothing department, this event could be classified as relative product failure (Dibb et al., 2006). Though one may argue that the drop in sales might be an industry trend for that year, Primark was found to receive a 5 percent like-for-like increase in sales during this time (Ruddick, 2013). Therefore, marketing problems in M&S’s clothing department have emerged as an interesting research topic. This report will discuss several marketing factors that could account for the widening sales gap between Mark and Spencer’s food and clothing divisions, focusing primarily on the UK. The study is divided into two discussions of the factors affecting the sales slump in clothing and will discuss the factors affecting the rapid growth in sales for the food department. Elements analysed in this paper include marketing variables, such as: target markets and customer profiles, price, quality and product positioning. Finally, a conclusion on the relevance of the examined factors towards the sales diversion will be made. 2. Literature review Marketing strategy can be defined as an organisation’s strategy that combines all of its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. According to the Business Dictionary (2014), the marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan. Marks & Spencer is one of the oldest supermarkets in the UK. Established in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds, the company became the first British retailer to make a pre-tax profit of over ?1 billion. It has delivered to more than 30 countries from its UK site and has 8 International websites and 644 UK stores (www.marksandspencer.com, 2014). Various sources, including Ahmed (2014), Ficenec (2014) and Pinnington (2014) have observed that Marks & Spencer as a company has been expanding and diversifying its products so that it includes foodstuffs as well as clothing and plastic materials. 3. Methodology This study took place in Middlesex University on the pre-sessional programme in August 2014. It was completed by a group consisting of three people from the pre-sessional course, these were: Mohammed, Maram and Buk. We chose Marks and Spencer Company from FTSE 100 because M&S is one of the most popular and oldest companies in the UK. It also offers a wide range of products such as food or clothes. Once we had selected this company, we performed research in the library to find out the factors that made sales grow for Marks and Spencer, and why this was greater for food than clothes. After that, the researchers interviewed others at Middlesex University. We performed secondary research by using websites and search engines, like Google scholar. We also looked at a database of Middlesex University as well as library catalogue to find sources that were related to our research and supported our ideas towards answering this question. We found many credible sources such as journals articles, books, newspaper and website. ? 4. Findings The researcher explored for sources that would be useful for this report. Three articles were found that are used in this report and were widely useful because they provided updated information. Further information was extracted from the company website, which was cited as particularly useful for historical information about the company and its origins, and also its subsidiaries. Moreover, it was found that book were used to provide general information and the views of academic sources. From these sources, it was identified that there is clear disparity between the sale of food and sale of clothing in Marks and Spencer Company. This was observed from various sources, including Ahmed (2014) who notes that while food sales were on the rise, clothing sales were falling. Ahmed from the BBC found clothing sales have dropped by 1.5 percent in 2014, while like-for-like sales of food rose 1.7 percent. However, there are several reasons for this disparity which will be explored in the foll owing section. 5. Discussion and Analysis There is a clear disparity between the sale of food and clothing in Marks and Spencer Company. Various sources such as Ahmed (2014) from the BBC saw that while food sales were on the rise in M&S, clothing sales were falling. Ahmedfound that the sale of clothing dropped by 1.5 percent in 2014, while like-for-like sales of food rose 1.7 percent. However, there are several reasons for this disparity. The first factor, or the reason for the success of the food sales in M&S, is the diversity of items in the food range and also the quality of the food. These were identified as the most important reasons that helped promote the sale of food products at M&S. The company’s success in the sale of food can also be attributed to the popularity of microwavable foods, which have provide to be the most popular product in the food sales (Tresidder, 2010). A further reason that can be attributed to the success of the food sales in M&S is due to the marketing campaigns surrounding them. The advertising for the food can be seen as one of the primary reasons for the success of the food sales in M&S. The adverts appear on websites, television and marketing texts and all have an effect on promoting the M&S food products to consumers. As a result, the company actually relies on the M&S logo to attract consumers along with the company slogan – â€Å"this is not just food.† Kress (1996) and Van Leeuwen (2001) describe how this could be a good way to market the product and is a modern way to attract consumers. Furthermore, this marketing campaign can contribute to create effective promotional images on the TV which will lead on to higher sales of M&S food. Among the factors that have helped the growth of sales of food products is the location and quality of the product. These are all factors that have been cited as attributing to the increase in sales of food products; however, the decline of the sale of clothing products is not entirely associated with the success of the food products but, more so, poor handling of the clothing line. For example, it has been argued that M&S clothing range has been guilty of poor product positioning, both in stores, shop windows and in marketing texts (Tresidder, 2010). Furthermore, the clothing department website has been criticised for being overly complicated and difficult to navigate (Ahmed, 2014). Therefore it could be suggested that the M&S clothing department learn the lessons of effective pricing, advertising and use of branding tools, such as slogans, used by the food department, to halt this decline and reverse the movement of their sales growth. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, M&S has faced several issues in the Department of clothing, as sales fell dramatically; yet the sale of food products continue to rise. Several contributing factors to this pattern have been discussed, including effective branding, marketing for the food products, and poor product positioning of the clothing items. However, 7. Bibliography Ahmed, K. (2014) â€Å"M&S chief Bolland says results ‘not good enough’†, BBC News Business, 8 July 2014. Accessed online at: http://www.bbc.com/news/28205935 [accessed 03/08/2014]. Dibb, S. (2006) Marketing: Concepts and Strategies, Houghton Mifflin Company: ISBN. Ficenec, J. (2014) â€Å"Question share tip: Hold Marks & Spencer on strong food sales†, in The Telegraph, 9 July 2014. Accessed online at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/10955632/Questor-share-tip-Hold-Marks-and-Spencer-on-strong-food-sales.html [accessed 03/08/2014]. Marks and Spencer, Official Website. Accessed online at: http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/?intid=gft_company [accessed 18/08/2014]. Marks and Spencer Abstract Currently, the retailer Marks and Spencer (M&S) is not only well-recognized among the UK citizens, although its branches are well established across the globe with many product categories available. During recent years, it has been found that the sales growth of Marks and Spencer’s merchandising, which has been its oldest and most important sector, has been in decline while the growth of M&S’s food sector has increased at an impressive pace. This study will attempt to find the factors responsible for the declining sales in clothing and the rising growth in food of Marks and Spencer, and hope to shed some lights on which areas the company should focus on to fix this decline in sales. The method will rely on the literature reviews of article from credible sources as well as published books. The paper will be analysed in two sections: factors affecting a sales slump in clothing, and factors affecting the rapid sales growth in the food department. 1. Introduction Established in 1884, Marks and Spencer has grown from a single-market company to a multinational corporation that has many branches around the world, including in England, the United States, and Thailand (www.marksandspencer.com, 2014). Not only has the 130-year-old corporation expanded across the globe, but it has also increased its product diversity as well. Although it began as a merchandising business, M&S currently sells a range of products, including women’s lingerie, sportswear, cosmetics and food. However recent sources, including Ahmed (2014), Ficenec (2014) and Pinnington (2014) have observed that the sales of the clothing division of M&S has been declining in recent years while that of the food department has increased; for instance, Ahmed (2014) at the BBC found that clothing has gone down by 1.5 percent in 2014, while a like-for-like sale of food has gone up by 1.7 percent in this time. Ficenec also added that the decreasing sales in the clothing department has be en going on for up to three years. As of late 2013, the sale of food accounted for more in the total sales of clothes, with 55 percent against 45 percent respectively (Ruddick, 2013). For the clothing department, this event could be classified as relative product failure (Dibb et al., 2006). Though one may argue that the drop in sales might be an industry trend for that year, Primark was found to receive a 5 percent like-for-like increase in sales during this time (Ruddick, 2013). Therefore, marketing problems in M&S’s clothing department have emerged as an interesting research topic. This report will discuss several marketing factors that could account for the widening sales gap between Mark and Spencer’s food and clothing divisions, focusing primarily on the UK. The study is divided into two discussions of the factors affecting the sales slump in clothing and will discuss the factors affecting the rapid growth in sales for the food department. Elements analysed in this paper include marketing variables, such as: target markets and customer profiles, price, quality and product positioning. Finally, a conclusion on the relevance of the examined factors towards the sales diversion will be made. 2. Literature review Marketing strategy can be defined as an organisation’s strategy that combines all of its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. According to the Business Dictionary (2014), the marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan. Marks & Spencer is one of the oldest supermarkets in the UK. Established in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds, the company became the first British retailer to make a pre-tax profit of over ?1 billion. It has delivered to more than 30 countries from its UK site and has 8 International websites and 644 UK stores (www.marksandspencer.com, 2014). Various sources, including Ahmed (2014), Ficenec (2014) and Pinnington (2014) have observed that Marks & Spencer as a company has been expanding and diversifying its products so that it includes foodstuffs as well as clothing and plastic materials. 3. Methodology This study took place in Middlesex University on the pre-sessional programme in August 2014. It was completed by a group consisting of three people from the pre-sessional course, these were: Mohammed, Maram and Buk. We chose Marks and Spencer Company from FTSE 100 because M&S is one of the most popular and oldest companies in the UK. It also offers a wide range of products such as food or clothes. Once we had selected this company, we performed research in the library to find out the factors that made sales grow for Marks and Spencer, and why this was greater for food than clothes. After that, the researchers interviewed others at Middlesex University. We performed secondary research by using websites and search engines, like Google scholar. We also looked at a database of Middlesex University as well as library catalogue to find sources that were related to our research and supported our ideas towards answering this question. We found many credible sources such as journals articles, books, newspaper and website. ? 4. Findings The researcher explored for sources that would be useful for this report. Three articles were found that are used in this report and were widely useful because they provided updated information. Further information was extracted from the company website, which was cited as particularly useful for historical information about the company and its origins, and also its subsidiaries. Moreover, it was found that book were used to provide general information and the views of academic sources. From these sources, it was identified that there is clear disparity between the sale of food and sale of clothing in Marks and Spencer Company. This was observed from various sources, including Ahmed (2014) who notes that while food sales were on the rise, clothing sales were falling. Ahmed from the BBC found clothing sales have dropped by 1.5 percent in 2014, while like-for-like sales of food rose 1.7 percent. However, there are several reasons for this disparity which will be explored in the foll owing section. 5. Discussion and Analysis There is a clear disparity between the sale of food and clothing in Marks and Spencer Company. Various sources such as Ahmed (2014) from the BBC saw that while food sales were on the rise in M&S, clothing sales were falling. Ahmedfound that the sale of clothing dropped by 1.5 percent in 2014, while like-for-like sales of food rose 1.7 percent. However, there are several reasons for this disparity. The first factor, or the reason for the success of the food sales in M&S, is the diversity of items in the food range and also the quality of the food. These were identified as the most important reasons that helped promote the sale of food products at M&S. The company’s success in the sale of food can also be attributed to the popularity of microwavable foods, which have provide to be the most popular product in the food sales (Tresidder, 2010). A further reason that can be attributed to the success of the food sales in M&S is due to the marketing campaigns surrounding them. The advertising for the food can be seen as one of the primary reasons for the success of the food sales in M&S. The adverts appear on websites, television and marketing texts and all have an effect on promoting the M&S food products to consumers. As a result, the company actually relies on the M&S logo to attract consumers along with the company slogan – â€Å"this is not just food.† Kress (1996) and Van Leeuwen (2001) describe how this could be a good way to market the product and is a modern way to attract consumers. Furthermore, this marketing campaign can contribute to create effective promotional images on the TV which will lead on to higher sales of M&S food. Among the factors that have helped the growth of sales of food products is the location and quality of the product. These are all factors that have been cited as attributing to the increase in sales of food products; however, the decline of the sale of clothing products is not entirely associated with the success of the food products but, more so, poor handling of the clothing line. For example, it has been argued that M&S clothing range has been guilty of poor product positioning, both in stores, shop windows and in marketing texts (Tresidder, 2010). Furthermore, the clothing department website has been criticised for being overly complicated and difficult to navigate (Ahmed, 2014). Therefore it could be suggested that the M&S clothing department learn the lessons of effective pricing, advertising and use of branding tools, such as slogans, used by the food department, to halt this decline and reverse the movement of their sales growth. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, M&S has faced several issues in the Department of clothing, as sales fell dramatically; yet the sale of food products continue to rise. Several contributing factors to this pattern have been discussed, including effective branding, marketing for the food products, and poor product positioning of the clothing items. However, 7. Bibliography Ahmed, K. (2014) â€Å"M&S chief Bolland says results ‘not good enough’†, BBC News Business, 8 July 2014. Accessed online at: http://www.bbc.com/news/28205935 [accessed 03/08/2014]. Dibb, S. (2006) Marketing: Concepts and Strategies, Houghton Mifflin Company: ISBN. Ficenec, J. (2014) â€Å"Question share tip: Hold Marks & Spencer on strong food sales†, in The Telegraph, 9 July 2014. Accessed online at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/10955632/Questor-share-tip-Hold-Marks-and-Spencer-on-strong-food-sales.html [accessed 03/08/2014]. Marks and Spencer, Official Website. Accessed online at: http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/?intid=gft_company [accessed 18/08/2014]. Marks and Spencer Case Study: Marks and Spencer, Ltd. (A) Marks and Spencer has a reputation of greatness and quality in the U. K. Their five tenets of operating principals are the cornerstone of the company’s strength in the industry. They fostered strong human relations with its customers, suppliers, and staff through offering selective range of high-quality merchandise at reasonable prices, encouraging suppliers to use top-notch modern technology, growth, and cooperation to enforce the highest standard of quality.Breaking down Porter’s Five Forces identifies the competitive forces in Mark and Spencer: 1) Suppliers: M&S is not dependent on suppliers as other stores are, due to M&S producing and selling its own branded products. Raw products are supplied, which is an advantage for its margins. They have an astounding and long (some relationships dating back to 40 years) reputation with their suppliers, which allows for discounts. 2) Buyers: Buyers have a substantial influence by shoppin g around, forcing M&S to continue in supplying high quality garments and food products at reasonable prices. ) Threat of Entry: Even though M&S has a very loyal customer base, online shopping was just at the early stages in the early 1990’s along with other super markets establishing a one-stop shop for all customers’ needs. 4) Substitutes: Threat of substitutes is high due to buyers’ looking for cheaper alternatives in other competitive outlets. Also, because M&S focused on essential clothing, and less on fads or trendy lines, competitors were quicker to react in offering more trendy clothing lines. ) Competitive Rivalry: M&S has fierce competition from other food, clothing, and home wares retailers; such as supermarkets Tesco, Asda, and J. Sainsbury. Due to M&S commanding market strength in the U. K. , M&S expanded overseas. They had shared success in other countries, but also were also presented with challenges. For instance, France viewed M&S brand as old-fa shioned. Looking at Exhibit 13, the market share of clothing and footwear by age group were as followed: 15-24 age group (5. 9%), 25-44 age group (13. 9%), 45-64 (21. 3%), and 65+ (23. 6%).M&S focused on getting more of those younger buyers into the stores where they see first-hand the service they provide; but if M&S focused less on fad and trends (which is attractive to the younger demographic) the efforts in marketing are wasted. Out of the five locations in France, only Paris was showing promising performance. With M&S strong performance in U. K. , it can’t expect its brand presence in U. K. to spill over to other countries. As noted, M&S never reached its full potential even though it acquired/purchased interests of other department stores.What if M&S invested more into marketing and â€Å"perusing the public to buy† instead of just relying on the products to sell itself? What if M&S invested more into clothing lines that follow trends and fads, to tap into the yo unger demographic? For instance, take chains such as H&M or Forever 21: offering affordable trendy clothing that cater to younger buyers. M&S can still offer well-designed and quality clothing lines, but now attract the younger and older buyers that are into trendy fashions; but it is very crucial they don’t abandon their loyal customer base.What if M&S closed stores that had small market share and minimal profit (some territories in Austria and West Europe), and invested more into extending the market share in other countries? Also, during the 90’s, the world-wide web came into existence along with online shopping, allowing M&S to extend its services and marketing (which I was surprised there was no mention of it in the case). Source: Marks and Spencer, Ltd. (A) (1994). HBR 9-391-089, by Cynthia A. Montgomery Marks and Spencer Case Study: Marks and Spencer, Ltd. (A) Marks and Spencer has a reputation of greatness and quality in the U. K. Their five tenets of operating principals are the cornerstone of the company’s strength in the industry. They fostered strong human relations with its customers, suppliers, and staff through offering selective range of high-quality merchandise at reasonable prices, encouraging suppliers to use top-notch modern technology, growth, and cooperation to enforce the highest standard of quality.Breaking down Porter’s Five Forces identifies the competitive forces in Mark and Spencer: 1) Suppliers: M&S is not dependent on suppliers as other stores are, due to M&S producing and selling its own branded products. Raw products are supplied, which is an advantage for its margins. They have an astounding and long (some relationships dating back to 40 years) reputation with their suppliers, which allows for discounts. 2) Buyers: Buyers have a substantial influence by shoppin g around, forcing M&S to continue in supplying high quality garments and food products at reasonable prices. ) Threat of Entry: Even though M&S has a very loyal customer base, online shopping was just at the early stages in the early 1990’s along with other super markets establishing a one-stop shop for all customers’ needs. 4) Substitutes: Threat of substitutes is high due to buyers’ looking for cheaper alternatives in other competitive outlets. Also, because M&S focused on essential clothing, and less on fads or trendy lines, competitors were quicker to react in offering more trendy clothing lines. ) Competitive Rivalry: M&S has fierce competition from other food, clothing, and home wares retailers; such as supermarkets Tesco, Asda, and J. Sainsbury. Due to M&S commanding market strength in the U. K. , M&S expanded overseas. They had shared success in other countries, but also were also presented with challenges. For instance, France viewed M&S brand as old-fa shioned. Looking at Exhibit 13, the market share of clothing and footwear by age group were as followed: 15-24 age group (5. 9%), 25-44 age group (13. 9%), 45-64 (21. 3%), and 65+ (23. 6%).M&S focused on getting more of those younger buyers into the stores where they see first-hand the service they provide; but if M&S focused less on fad and trends (which is attractive to the younger demographic) the efforts in marketing are wasted. Out of the five locations in France, only Paris was showing promising performance. With M&S strong performance in U. K. , it can’t expect its brand presence in U. K. to spill over to other countries. As noted, M&S never reached its full potential even though it acquired/purchased interests of other department stores.What if M&S invested more into marketing and â€Å"perusing the public to buy† instead of just relying on the products to sell itself? What if M&S invested more into clothing lines that follow trends and fads, to tap into the yo unger demographic? For instance, take chains such as H&M or Forever 21: offering affordable trendy clothing that cater to younger buyers. M&S can still offer well-designed and quality clothing lines, but now attract the younger and older buyers that are into trendy fashions; but it is very crucial they don’t abandon their loyal customer base.What if M&S closed stores that had small market share and minimal profit (some territories in Austria and West Europe), and invested more into extending the market share in other countries? Also, during the 90’s, the world-wide web came into existence along with online shopping, allowing M&S to extend its services and marketing (which I was surprised there was no mention of it in the case). Source: Marks and Spencer, Ltd. (A) (1994). HBR 9-391-089, by Cynthia A. Montgomery

The Types of Tourism in Belarus

When speaking about touristry authorization of Belarus, its important to mention that it is in general based on natural multifariousness and beauty and unique historic and heathen heritage including molaritys of touristry objects of historic, ethnic and architectural value, memorable places connected with the names of existences outstanding historical and cultural figures.Cultural touristry (or culture tourism) is the subset of tourism concerned with a rude or regions culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical aras, the history of those peoples, their art, architecture, religion(s), and separate elements that helped practice their way of life. On the territory of Belarus there is a number of ancient towns such as Polotsk, Novogrudok, Turov, Grodno, Nesvizh and numerous others. In many towns there ar numerous temples and monasteries, palaces, castles and other monuments of architectural, historic and cultural value.Four architectural mo numents that situated on the territory of the democracy of Belarus atomic number 18 included in the add up of UNESCO World Heritage Castle thickening Mir situated in the village of Mir (Grodno region), architectural and cultural complex of the Radzivilles at the town of Nesvizh (Minsk region), Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Brest region), the Struve Geodetic Arc (a chain of pile triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, done ten countries and over 2,820 km).Nowadays the around popular excursions are connected with cultural, ethnographic and historic heritage of Belarus, such as Budslav-Glubokoe-Mosar, Dudutki, The world of small towns (Ivenez-Rakov). Rehabilitation tourism (also called medical travel, wellness tourism or global healthcare) is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the mass media to happen upon the rapidly-growing practice of traveling to obtain health care. From the almost forgotten folktales and ancient legends the established b elief in the healing king of genius is becoming stronger and stronger in us, the children of the advanced age.And this belief isnt so naive. Belarus truly possesses a variety of resources for the development of therapeutic and replenishment tourism. The fund of healing resources including a complex of climatic factors alongside with mineral wet springs and medicinal peloids facilitates the treatment of quite a range of diseases. In Belarus the orbit for developing this type of tourism is rather rich. There are many mineral weewee resources, therapeutic peloids, speleo, climatic and phytotherapeutic resources.This potential is employ by various sanatorium-and-spa institutions on the territory of Belarus. There are more than than than 300 sanatorium-and-spa institutions including sanatoria, recreation centers, vacation houses, rehabilitation centers for children. The most popular sanatoria are Naroch, atomic number 86, Belaya Rus, Ozerny. Recreation centers of republic importance are Vileika(the largest in Belarus), Berezino, Stolbzy, Ivenez. You can try the more active way of restoring your energy and fitness, unless the serene sanatorium surrouding suits your rhythm of life.There are several tourist centers that serve the puzzle of health resumption. They are Narochanka, Vysoky bereg, Braslavskie ozyora, Lesnoye ozero, Beloye ozero, Losvido, Orta, Sozh, Nieman. Belarus has all the facilities for those who is used to the active way of life and is worshipful of being challenged by hiking, cycling, horse and water travelling so you can convey what suits you more for having a good duration and rest. Belarus has a gentle nature, virgin wood and calm, blue eyes of the lakes and endless palm stretching as far as eye can follow.Water tourism is becoming the most enjoyed one in Belarus, the country with more than 20 thousand rivers and 10 thousand lakes. Lakes Naroch, Svityaz and Braslav Lakes, the rivers Narochanka, Villia, Ysloch, Nieman, Shchar a, Prypiats, Berezina are super popular waterways among the tourists. There great prospects for the water tourism will be espouse lendable due to the launching of the project on the water canals of XVIII-XIX cent. restoration. They are Avgustovsky, Ogynsky canals of the Berezina water system.What is more the Dnieper-and-Bug canal will be facilitated with tourism infrastrucrure. And for this restoration the ancient waterways of polish kings and the fabled way from Varagian to Greek will come to life. The abundance of easy waterways will submit you with a range of main sights of the country let alone bring you a delight of rafting. There are the tocopherol to west and north to south itineraries. some other favourite itinerary that enjoys the popularity is a bring up to the special nature reserve Golubye ozyora (Blue lakes).The setting of the two sapphires of the lakes Gloublya and Gloubelka that unfolds magnificently when you stand on the observation ground makes you stop and s tare. Belarusian roads invite everyone to have shady bike rides. This means of transport makes you facial expression free and careless, feel the touch with nature not breaking its fragile balance. anyhow the bike-routes within the country there are some from Germany and Poland to Russia and the countries of the Baltic Sea.